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Reverse osmosis device

A membrane that is selectively permeable to substances is called a semipermeable membrane. A membrane that allows only the solvent to pass through but not the solute is generally considered an ideal semipermeable membrane. When equal volumes of dilute and concentrated solutions are placed on either side of a container separated by a semipermeable membrane, the solvent in the dilute solution will naturally pass through the semipermeable membrane and flow towards the concentrated solution side. The liquid level on the concentrated solution side will be higher than that on the dilute solution side by a certain height, forming a pressure difference and reaching osmotic equilibrium. This pressure difference is the osmotic pressure.

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A semipermeable membrane is a film that is selectively permeable to substances. A membrane that allows only the solvent to pass through but not the solute is generally considered an ideal semipermeable membrane. When equal volumes of a dilute solution and a concentrated solution are placed on either side of a container separated by a semipermeable membrane, the solvent in the dilute solution will naturally pass through the semipermeable membrane and flow toward the concentrated solution side. The liquid level on the concentrated solution side will be higher than that on the dilute solution side by a certain height, forming a pressure difference and reaching osmotic equilibrium. This pressure difference is the osmotic pressure. The magnitude of the osmotic pressure depends on the type and concentration of the concentrated solution and the temperature, but not on the properties of the semipermeable membrane. If a pressure greater than the osmotic pressure is applied to the concentrated solution side, the solvent in the concentrated solution will flow to the dilute solution, resulting in reverse osmosis.

Reverse osmosis utilizes the characteristic of a semipermeable membrane that allows water to pass through but not salt, to remove various salts from water. Pressure is applied to the raw water side of the reverse osmosis system, causing a portion of the pure water in the raw water to pass through the membrane perpendicularly. The salts and colloidal substances in the water are retained due to their larger particle size, gradually becoming concentrated. The remaining raw water carries the concentrated substances away parallel to the membrane. Only a small amount of salt remains in the permeate, and collecting and utilizing the permeate achieves desalination.

Reverse osmosis is currently the most widely used desalination technology in water treatment systems. It has extremely high desalination capabilities and is safe, flexible, and simple to operate.